Industry-education integration constitutes a fundamental pathway for the typological development of vocational education. Practical teaching, serving as the crucial link for demonstrating the distinctive features of vocational education and cultivating students’ technical and operational skills, is directly related to the quality of talent cultivation and its alignment with industry needs. At present, China’s vocational education practical teaching system still faces issues such as disconnection from industrial demands, insufficient school-enterprise collaboration, and weak quality control, making it difficult to meet the developmental requirements of deep industry-education integration. Based on the essence of industry-education integration, this paper elucidates the core principles and inherent logic behind reconstructing the vocational education practical teaching system, analyzes existing challenges, explores pathways for system reconstruction oriented by the integration of “post, course, competition, and certification,” and constructs a comprehensive quality assurance mechanism. The aim is to provide theoretical reference and practical pathways for enhancing the quality and effectiveness of vocational education practical teaching and cultivating high-quality technical and skilled talents that meet industrial demands.