Faced with the rapid advancement of computer network technology and the increasingly complex nature of cybersecurity threats, traditional protection methods are proving inadequate. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has brought about a revolutionary transformation in the field of cybersecurity. This study systematically elaborates on the core application strategies of AI in the automatic identification and protection of computer network security, deeply analyzes its notable advantages in threat detection, anomaly identification, and intelligent defense, and constructs an AI-based cybersecurity protection framework. Meanwhile, this paper also objectively points out the challenges faced by AI applications in cybersecurity and looks ahead to future development directions, providing theoretical support for building a more intelligent and efficient cybersecurity system.